A stunned male Chestnut-sided Warbler is gently collected by a Project Safe Flight collisions monitor, before being taken to a rehabilitator. Photo: Sophie Butcher
During spring and autumn migration periods, Project Safe Flight volunteers patrol the streets of New York City in search of dead and injured birds that have collided with buildings. Collision monitors collect data on bird-building collisions in order to help us learn more about the causes and patterns of collisions in New York City, patrolling routes that are assigned based on our current research objectives. Injured birds are brought to animal care centers or rehabilitators and are released in the wild after their recovery; dead birds are collected and transferred to various natural history museums and research institutions.
These scientific data are a tool for understanding the geography and dynamics of urban bird collisions, improving our understanding of the causes of these collisions and suggesting ways to prevent them from occurring. Our data are also powerful evidence to marshal when we seek positive change—either through our advocacy work or through direct negotiations with building owners and architects.
Learn more about becoming a Project Safe Flight collision monitoring volunteer
Since the program’s inception in 1997, over 7,000 dead and injured birds have been collected and documented in our database. Project Safe Flight patrols now include routes in all five boroughs of NYC. Successes in our advocacy and work with partners have included the retrofitting of the Morgan Mail Processing Facility (421 8th Avenue), and the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center (655 West 34th Street), where collisions have since dropped dramatically.
In December 2019, NYC Bird Alliance and our advocacy partners celebrated our greatest success so far: the New York City Council passed the most broad-reaching bird-safe building policy in the U.S., requiring that all new construction and major renovations in the City employ bird-friendly design materials. Read more about our bird-friendly building design.
dBird: Crowd-Sourced Data Collection
In 2014 we added an important tool to Project Safe Flight: dBird.org. An online crowd-sourcing data collection tool, dBird provides a way for the public to enter records of dead and injured birds, contributing to our Project Safe Flight research. (Above you can see a frequently updated map of the data already submitted through dBird. View specific entries by placing your mouse over each data point on the map.) Crowd-sourced data can help to provide context and guidance for more scientifically rigorous research efforts, such as the traditional Project Safe Flight monitoring protocols. If you find a dead or injured bird, submit a report through dBird.
NYC Bird Alliance staff analyzes these reports in order to integrate and relate these results with existing Project Safe Flight research. Since its creation dBird has collected more than 4,500 collision reports. While most are from New York City, we also have reports from across the U.S. as well as Canada, China, India, Turkey and Norway. Above you can see a frequently updated map of the data already submitted through dBird.
Since the inception of Project Safe Flight in 1997, we have found that the White-throated Sparrow is the most commonly found collision victim in New York City; the species accounts for 14 percent of all collisions and has been documented nearly twice as frequently as the next most common victim, the Common Yellowthroat. Below you can see that among the many kinds of birds that die from collisions in the City, the most frequently found species groups are warblers, sparrows, and thrushes. Explore the chart to see the bird species within each of these groups.
Learn about the species most often found by Project Safe Flight collision monitoring volunteers.
A “white-striped” White-throated Sparrow. Photo: David Speiser
White-throated Sparrow
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
Among New York City’s most common birds, this familiar “winter sparrow” migrates through our area in great numbers, and many spend the colder months with us. The species breeds in the boreal forest across Canada and as far south as a few hours north of the City, and winters across the eastern U.S. and along the west coast. “White-throats” begin arriving in our area in September, and most depart by the end of May.
Known by its distinct white throat and eyebrow, with a yellow spot by the eye, this large, long-tailed sparrow comes in two “morphs” that coexist in the same population and are most apparent during breeding season: a bright “white-striped” form and a less distinct “tan-striped” form.
The White-throated Sparrow’s song is among the most familiar birdsongs, often thought of as “Oh, Canada… Canada… Canada…” or “Sam Peabody… Peabody… Peabody….” And the species’ song has been the subject of much research, both about birdsong-learning, and most recently, about a rapidly adapted new song variant across North America. White-throats are often heard rather than seen even in the depths of winter, when their high-pitched “zeet” notes and deeper, repeated alarm notes can be heard as they scratch about in the leaf litter of wooded parks, and even small patches of trees and shrubbery, across the City.
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, the species’ population declined by about 35 percent between 1966 and 2014 over most of its range, but declined 63 percent in the U.S. over that same time period. White-throated Sparrows are also among the top three collision victims in Toronto, according to their Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) data. In addition to deaths from collisions, contributors to the decline in the White-throated Sparrow population may include habitat loss and pesticide use on the birds’ breeding grounds.
A “white-striped” White-throated Sparrow. Photo: David Speiser
Tan-striped” White-throated Sparrows can be quite drab, as can young birds in the fall. Many collision victims are first-year birds, migrating south for the first time. Photo: John Pizniur/Great Backyard Bird Count
White-throated Sparrows usually nest on the ground. (This photo was taken in the mountains of Northern Vermont.) Photo: Kent McFarland/CC BY-NC 2.0
Male Common Yellowthroats sing on nesting territory in many of New York City’s larger parks. Photo: Keith Carver/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Common Yellowthroat
Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)
This small, wren-like warbler packs a lot of character in a small package. The “Yellowthroat” is a common migrant in the City, and is one of three warbler species that normally nest here (the others being Yellow Warbler and American Redstart). Common Yellowthroats breed across a large swathe of North America, and winter along both coasts and in Central America and the Caribbean.
The male yellowthroat’s very distinctive black “bandit” mask and bright yellow breast make him unmistakable, while the subtler female is best ID’d by its brownish upperparts, plain brown face, and yellow throat and undertail (often very drab in young birds). You can also recognize this species by its habit of skulking in lower shrubs and undergrowth, often with its tail cocked. Both male and female utter a harsh “chack” note, and occasionally, a high rattle. The male’s sweet “tiwitchity-witchity-witchity” is among the first warbler songs many learn.
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, the Common Yellowthroat’s population declined by about 38 percent between 1966 and 2014. In addition to deaths from collisions, likely contributors to the decline in the Common Yellowthroat population include habitat loss; the species may also be particularly vulnerable to pesticide use due to its habit of nesting in or near wetlands.
Male Common Yellowthroats sing on nesting territory in many of New York City’s larger parks. Photo: Keith Carver/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Young female Common Yellowthroats in the fall can be very drab; some show very little yellow at all. Photo: Tom Murray/CC BY-NC 2.0
This immature male Common Yellowthroat is beginning to molt into the black mask he will sport as an adult. Photo: Becky Matsubara/CC BY 2.0
An Ovenbird demonstrates its classic strut. Photo: David Speiser
Ovenbird
Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)
In the running for our most “dapper” bird, the charming Ovenbird is a fairly common migrant in our wooded parks. The species breeds across eastern and midwestern North America and winters in southern Florida, Central America, and the Caribbean. The Ovenbird is often heard before it is seen—its ringing song of TeaCHER TeaCHER TeaCHER!, which rises in volume, coupled with its bobbing walk, have earned it the nickname “crescendo chicken.”
Ovenbirds strut across the forest floor with their short tails cocked, and are recognizable by this unusual stance and gait, soft olive-brown upperparts, spotted breast, and bright orange crown stripe. They breed in large woodlands within an hour of New York City, building a domed nest on the ground (which resembles an oven!).
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, Ovenbird numbers appear to have increased slightly between 1966 and 2014. This trend could be due to substantial regeneration of forest habitat from former farmlands across much of the eastern U.S., a change which has benefited other forest species like the Common Raven. Ovenbirds are known to be adversely affected by forest fragmentation from development, however, and by accompanying nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds.
An Ovenbird demonstrates its classic strut. Photo: David Speiser
Ovenbirds often sing while stopping through New York City during migration. Photo: David Speiser
Ovenbirds are named for the oven-like nest they build on the ground. Photo: Kent McFarland/CC BY-NC 2.0
Like its frequent feeding companion the White-throated Sparrow, the “snowbird” is known to us in New York City as a winter visitor. The species is widespread in North America, breeding across the entire continent as far north as the Arctic Circle, and wintering in the entire U.S. except for southern Florida. In our area, juncos start arriving in mid-September, but arrive in big numbers later in the fall; sadly, they make up the majority of our November window-collision victims. Juncos are a common sight here in the winter, though numbers vary from year to year. Most have departed by early May.
The species breeds in northern New England and in mountains as far south as Georgia. Summer visitors to the Catskills may be treated to the bird’s lightly trilled song, seldom heard off nesting territory. Look for wintering juncos in any park in the city, as they forage on the ground in groups, frequently with White-throated Sparrows. You may hear the birds’ rather electronic-sounding call notes before seeing them: both tinkling, rapid and uneven trills and single, video-game like notes.
The Dark-eyed Junco is an unusual species in that it comes in as many as 15 recognized subspecies, which differ in shades of gray and brown. (Several were once considered separate species.) All juncos are very distinct in appearance, dark and light. Among our “Slate-colored Juncos,” males have dark gray upperparts, while the females are lighter gray and brown above; both sexes have white bellies, whitish conical bills, and white tail edges that are usually apparent when they fly.
Though it is still a fairly common bird, the overall Dark-eyed Junco population declined by about 50 percent between 1966 and 2014, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
The upperparts of the female Dark-eyed Junco are a delicate combination of light grays and warm browns. Photo: Tom Murray/CC BY-NC 2.0
The junco’s white tail edges, which often flash when the bird takes flight, can provide a quick ID. Photo: Colleen Dubois/Audubon Photography Awards
A Hermit Thrush characteristically cocks its tail upwards in a quick motion, and then slowly lowers it. Photo: David Cooney Jr./Great Backyard Bird Count
Hermit Thrush
Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)
The Hermit Thrush is one of North America’s most renowned feathered songsters—but alas, New York City birders don’t often get to hear its ethereal flute-like tones, as it does not nest here and seldom sings during migration. This common migrant is the first spotted thrush to pass through in the spring, in early April, and the last to migrate through in the fall—arriving in late September and leaving by late November. A few stay the winter; New York City is right at the northern edge of the species’ wintering range. Hermit Thrushes breed in the Catskills, and may sometimes nest nearer by, on Long Island and in Harriman State Park.
While Hermit Thrushes are known to sing in New York City very early in the mornings or on overcast days in the spring, for the most part they must be ID’d by sight. Fortunately, the Hermit Thrush provides some very helpful cues, even for the beginning birder: Hermit Thrushes are often on the ground. Like the other spotted thrushes, the Hermit Thrush has brown upper parts and a spotted breast. It is distinct, however, in having a tail that is brighter orange-brown (or “rufous”) than its body. This rufous tail repeatedly cocks upward in a quick jerk, and then slowly settles downwards. (This tail-cocking is the Hermit Thrush’s “trademark move.”) The Hermit Thrush also has a very plain brown face, compared to the similar but “bespectacled” Swainson’s Thrush.
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, Hermit Thrush numbers remained stable between 1966 and 2014.
The Hermit Thrush characteristically cocks its tail upwards in a quick motion, and then slowly lowers it. Photo: David Cooney Jr./Great Backyard Bird Count
Just one glimpse of a Hermit Thrush’s bright rufous tail is often enough to ID it. Photo: Mark Ahlness/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Hermit Thrushes often spend the winter in the City, sustaining themselves on long-lasting berries such as those of holly species. Photo: Jesse Gordon/Audubon Photography Awards
Two excited male kinglets: Ruby-crowned Kinglet (left) and Golden-crowned Kinglet (right). Left Photo: Jacob McGinnis/CC BY-NC 2.0; Right Photo: Jacob McGinnis/Audubon Photography Awards
Ruby-crowned Kinglet and Golden-crowned Kinglet
Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) and Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa)
The charismatic kinglets, among the smallest birds of North America, are common in New York City during migration. Both also spend the winter here in smaller numbers, though the Golden-crowned Kinglet is a bit hardier. Both species breed across North America; the Ruby-crowned Kinglet’s breeding range is somewhat more northerly. (Golden-crowned Kinglets breed as close as the Shawangunk Mountains—while to find nesting Ruby-crowned Kinglets, one must head up to the Adirondacks.) The Ruby-crowned Kinglet’s winter range also extends further, all the way to the Yucatán—while the Golden-crowned Kinglet winters south to just over the Mexican border.
The slightly smaller Golden-crowned Kinglet is four inches long; among North American birds, only hummingbirds are smaller. Like hummingbirds, both kinglets sometimes hover as they feed on tiny insects in foliage and can be similarly oblivious to human presence, sometimes allowing birders to get astonishingly close.
Kinglets are recognizable by their tiny size and stubby tails, mossy-green upperparts, striking wingbar pattern, and quick, flitty behavior. The Golden-crowned Kinglet has the more patterned head of the two species, with a black eyeline and lateral crown stripe—and its yellow crown (with a fiery orange center in the male) is always visible. The Ruby-crowned Kinglet is remarkable for its comparatively plain face. Only the male sports a ruby crown; it is raised when the bird is excited, but is more often hidden.
According to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, between 1966 and 2014, the Ruby-crowned Kinglet population remained stable across the continent. The Golden-crowned Kinglet population, in contrast, declined 75 percent in the U.S. over this period—but this decline occurred in the western part of its range, while eastern populations appear to have increased slightly.
Two excited male kinglets: Ruby-crowned Kinglet (left) and Golden-crowned Kinglet (right). Left Photo: Jacob McGinnis/CC BY-NC 2.0; Right Photo: Jacob McGinnis/Audubon Photography Awards
Often the crown of male Ruby-crowned Kinglet is just barely visible, or not visible at all; the female lacks the ruby crown completely. Photo: Lois Miller/Audubon Photography Awards
An adult female or first-year male Black-and-white Warbler (note the white throat) in a typical nuthatch-like position. Photo: Robert Cook/Audubon Photography Awards
Black-and-white Warbler
Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
This “nuthatch of the warbler world” is a common sight in our wooded parks during migration, as it creeps up, down, and around tree trunks and branches, foraging for insects in the bark. Black-and-white Warblers breed across much of Canada and the eastern and central U.S., and winter along our southeast coast, in the Caribbean, and in Latin America as far south as Ecuador.
A relatively early spring migrant in our area, the Black-and-white Warbler starts arriving in early April; its high, swinging song of SEE-see SEE-see SEE-see echoes through our forests through May. The species breeds as close as Harriman State Park, as well as on the eastern end of Long Island. Interestingly, though closely associated with trees, this warbler usually builds its nest on the ground. As it breeds so close by, it is one of the first fall migrants to arrive, some appearing in the City as early as July.
Black-and-white Warblers are well-named—their striped coloration, as well as their tree-trunk-creeping habit—make them easy to ID. (Adult males have more extensive black on their faces and throats.)
This species’ population declined by about 33 percent between 1966 and 2014, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey. In addition to deaths from collisions, contributors to the decline in the Black-and-white Warbler population are thought to include pesticide use and the fragmentation of the species’ forest habitat.
An adult female or first-year male Black-and-white Warbler (note the white throat) in a typical nuthatch-like position. Photo: Robert Cook/Audubon Photography Awards
The high-pitched song of the male Black-and-white Warbler is a very common sound in New York City woodlands during spring migration. Photo: Brad James/Audubon Photography Awards
Female Black-and-white Warblers—particularly young birds—often have a buffy wash to their face and flanks. Photo: Andy Reago and Chrissy McClarren/CC BY 2.0
Disoriented American Woodcocks are a surprising but all too common sight on New York City sidewalks during migration. Photo: Teri Shors/Audubon Photography Awards
American Woodcock
American Woodcock (Scolopax minor)
During spring and fall migration in New York City, many a perplexed pedestrian has come across an unexpected sight on the sidewalk: an even more perplexed, richly patterned, plump brown bird with a very long bill and dark eyes set oddly back on the sides of its head. The migratory American Woodcock, an upland shorebird species, has a very hard time navigating its way through our city. Woodcocks are usually the first window-collisions found in early spring and the last species found in the fall.
A true bird of the East, the American Woodcock breeds throughout most of eastern North America, regularly wintering in the South and along the East Coast as far north as Massachusetts. The bulk of migrating woodcocks come through our area in March and April, and again in November and December.
Small breeding populations persist in a few preserved areas of mixed woodlands and meadows in New York City, including Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Queens, Brooklyn’s Floyd Bennett Field, and Freshkills Park on Staten Island. Experienced birders know to show up at these breeding sites at dusk in springtime, in order to witness the weird, wild spectacle of American Woodcock “sky dance” courtship: Males utter a comically nasal “peint” call before leaping dozens of meters into the sky, circling rapidly while producing a high twittering sound with both wings and bill. The birds then plummet suddenly to the ground, presumably in hopes they have awed females that sit nearby, evaluating their prospects.
Because of their secretive nature, population estimates are difficult, but the North American Breeding Bird Survey suggests that American Woodcock populations slowly declined between 1966 and 2014, with evident declines in areas including parts of the Mid-Atlantic and New England. The American Woodcock is on the 2014 State of the Birds Watch List, which lists species most in danger of extinction without significant conservation action.
In addition to deaths from collisions, likely contributors to a decline in the American Woodcock population include habitat loss and pesticide use; the birds may be particularly vulnerable due to contamination due to their diet of earthworms. In New York City, the birds’ nesting success may also be adversely affected by the presence of feral cats.
Disoriented American Woodcocks are a surprising but all too common sight on New York City sidewalks during migration. Photo: Teri Shors/Audubon Photography Awards
New York City birders can often get very good views of American Woodcocks in small parks like Manhattan’s Bryant Park, where the birds may stay for some time during migration or over the winter. Concerned birders often keep track of lingering birds for fear they may have been injured in window collisions. Photo: David Speiser
American Woodcocks may breed in a few spots in the City, including Brooklyn’s Floyd Bennett Field. Like all ground-nesting species, they are vulnerable to predation by feral cats. Photo: California Department of Fish and Wildlife/CC BY 2.0
This common striped sparrow, known for the dark spot it bears on its chest and the cheerful song it repeats all day long, is the sole year-round resident among this “top 10 list” of New York City collision victims. Though this widespread species is a resident across the northern U.S., it is also migratory, breeding as far north as southern Alaska and wintering across the southern U.S. and into northern Mexico. It is also a particularly diverse songbird, having at least 24 subspecies.
The very adaptable Song Sparrow breeds in all boroughs of New York City, including at least five parks in the borough of Manhattan. Numbers in the City swell during migration, in March and April and again in October and November, when it is common to see Song Sparrows feeding among larger mixed sparrow flocks in areas of shrubs and grass.
Compared to similar species like the Savannah Sparrow, the Song Sparrow is best ID’d by its relatively long tail, coarsely striped breast, central chest “blotch,” and fairly large, dark bill; it also often has a characteristic “hunched” posture, with its tail low, when feeding in the grass, compared to other sparrows.
Though still a common bird, the Song Sparrow’s population declined by about 30 percent between 1966 and 2014, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
The hardy Song Sparrow is seen in New York City all year long. Photo: PJ Kaszas/Audubon Photography Awards
Song sparrows conceal their nests of grass, stems, and other plant fiber in the shrubby habitat of larger parks all over New York City. Photo: Tony Alter/CC BY 2.0